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（一）熟悉常用的Linux操作

请按要求上机实践如下linux基本命令。

cd命令：切换目录

（1）切换到目录 /usr/local

 :~$ cd /usr/local

（2）去到目前的上层目录

:/usr/local$ cd ..

（3）回到自己的主文件夹

:/usr$ cd ~

 

ls命令：查看文件与目录

（4）查看目录/usr下所有的文件

:~$ ls /usrbin  games  include  lib  local  locale  sbin  share  src

 

mkdir命令：新建新目录

（5）进入/tmp目录，创建一个名为a的目录,并查看有多少目录存在

:/$ cd /tmp

:/tmp$ mkdir a/

:/tmp$ lsa

（6）创建目录a1/a2/a3/a4

:/tmp$ mkdir -p a1/a2/a3/a4

 

rmdir命令：删除空的目录

（7）将上例创建的目录a（/tmp下面）删除

:/tmp$ rmdir a/

（8）删除目录a1/a2/a3/a4，查看有多少目录存在

:/tmp$ rmdir -p a1/a2/a3/a4:/tmp$ ls -l

总用量 12srw------- 1 joneyzheng joneyzheng    0 9月  19 20:24 fcitx-socket-:0-rw------- 1 joneyzheng joneyzheng    4 9月  19 20:25 indicator-china-weather-1000.piddrwx------ 3 root       root       4096 9月  19 20:24 systemd-PRivate-8542a57250884708820706eed97c6794-colord.service-53zsDOdrwx------ 3 root       root       4096 9月  19 20:24 @R_304_2663@temd-private-8542a57250884708820706eed97c6794-rtkIT-daemon.service-pM1Rp8-rw-rw-r-- 1 joneyzheng joneyzheng    0 9月  19 20:24 Unity_support_test.1

 

cp命令：复制文件或目录

（9）将主文件夹下的.bashrc复制到/usr下，命名为bashrc1

:~$ sudo cp .bashrc /usr/bashrc1

（10）在/tmp下新建目录test，再复制这个目录内容到/usr

:~$ cd /tmp

:/tmp$ mkdir test/

:/tmp$ sudo cp -r test/ /usr/test

 

mv命令：移动文件与目录，或更名

（11）将上例文件bashrc1移动到目录/usr/test

:/$ cd /usr

:/usr$ sudo mv bashrc1 test/

（12）将上例test目录重命名为test2

:/usr$ sudo mv test test2

 

rm命令：移除文件或目录

（13）将上例复制的bashrc1文件删除

:/usr$ cd test2

:/usr/test2$ sudo rm bashrc1

（14）将上例的test2目录删除

:/usr/test2$ cd ..

:/usr$ sudo rm -r test2

 

cat命令：查看文件内容

（15）查看主文件夹下的.bashrc文件内容

:~$ cat .bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)# for examples# If not running interactively, don't do anythingcase $- in    *i*) ;;      *) return;;esac# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.# See bash(1) for more optionsHISTCONTROL=ignoreboth# apPEnd to the history file, don't overwrite itshopt -s histappend# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)HISTSIZE=1000HISTFILESIZE=2000# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.shopt -s checkwinsize# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.#shopt -s globstar# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"# set VARiable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)if [ -z "${Debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)fi# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)case "$TERM" in    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;esac# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt#force_color_prompt=yesif [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)    color_prompt=yes    else    color_prompt=    fifiif [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then    ps1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}[33[01;32m]u@h[33[00m]:[33[01;34m]w[33[00m]$ 'else    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}u@h:w$ 'fiunset color_prompt force_color_prompt# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dircase "$TERM" inxterm*|rxvt*)    PS1="[e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}u@h: wa]$PS1"    ;;*)    ;;esac# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliasesif [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"    alias ls='ls --color=auto'    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'    alias grep='grep --color=auto'    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'fi# colored GCC warnings and errors#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'# some more ls aliasesalias ll='ls -alF'alias la='ls -A'alias l='ls -CF'# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:#   sleep 10; alertalias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '''s/^s*[0-9]+s*//;s/[;&|]s*alert$//''')"'# Alias definitions.# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then    . ~/.bash_aliasesfi# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).if ! shopt -oq posix; then  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then    . /etc/bash_completion  fifi

 

tac命令：反向列示

（16）反向查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容

:~$ tac .bashrc

fi  fi    . /etc/bash_completion  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; thenif ! shopt -oq posix; then# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enablefi    . ~/.bash_aliasesif [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like# Alias definitions.alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '''s/^s*[0-9]+s*//;s/[;&|]s*alert$//''')"'#   sleep 10; alert# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:alias l='ls -CF'alias la='ls -A'alias ll='ls -alF'# some more ls aliases#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'# colored GCC warnings and errorsfi    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'    alias grep='grep --color=auto'    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'    alias ls='ls --color=auto'    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliasesesac    ;;*)    ;;    PS1="[e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}u@h: wa]$PS1"xterm*|rxvt*)case "$TERM" in# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dirunset color_prompt force_color_promptfi    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}u@h:w$ 'else    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}[33[01;32m]u@h[33[00m]:[33[01;34m]w[33[00m]$ 'if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; thenfi    fi    color_prompt=    else    color_prompt=yes    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; thenif [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then#force_color_prompt=yes# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turnedesac    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;case "$TERM" in# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)fi    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)#shopt -s globstar# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context willshopt -s checkwinsize# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,HISTFILESIZE=2000HISTSIZE=1000# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)shopt -s histappend# append to the history file, don't overwrite itHISTCONTROL=ignoreboth# See bash(1) for more options# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.esac      *) return;;    *i*) ;;case $- in# If not running interactively, don't do anything# for examples# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-LOGin shells.

 

more命令：一页一页翻动查看

（17）翻页查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容

:~$ more .bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)# for examples# If not running interactively, don't do anythingcase $- in    *i*) ;;      *) return;;esac# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.# See bash(1) for more optionsHISTCONTROL=ignoreboth# append to the history file, don't overwrite itshopt -s histappend# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)HISTSIZE=1000HISTFILESIZE=2000# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.--更多--（17%）

 

head命令：取出前面几行

（18）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容前20行

:~$ head -n 20 .bashrc# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)# for examples# If not running interactively, don't do anythingcase $- in    *i*) ;;      *) return;;esac# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.# See bash(1) for more optionsHISTCONTROL=ignoreboth# append to the history file, don't overwrite itshopt -s histappend# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)HISTSIZE=1000HISTFILESIZE=2000

（19）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容，后面50行不显示，只显示前面几行

# 如果在number前面加加号，则不显示文件最前面相应的行数

:~$ head -n -50 .bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)# for examples# If not running interactively, don't do anythingcase $- in    *i*) ;;      *) return;;esac# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.# See bash(1) for more optionsHISTCONTROL=ignoreboth# append to the history file, don't overwrite itshopt -s histappend# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)HISTSIZE=1000HISTFILESIZE=2000# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.shopt -s checkwinsize# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.#shopt -s globstar# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)fi# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)case "$TERM" in    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;esac# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt#force_color_prompt=yesif [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)    color_prompt=yes    else    color_prompt=    fifiif [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}[33[01;32m]u@h[33[00m]:[33[01;34m]w[33[00m]$ 'else    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}u@h:w$ 'fiunset color_prompt force_color_prompt# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dircase "$TERM" in

tail命令：取出后面几行

（20）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容最后20行

:~$ tail -n 20 .bashrc

# Alias definitions.# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then    . ~/.bash_aliasesfi# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).if ! shopt -oq posix; then  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then    . /etc/bash_completion  fifi

（21）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容，只列出50行以后的数据

# 如果在number前面加加号，则不显示文件最前面相应的行数

:~$ tail -n +50 .bashrc

    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)    color_prompt=yes    else    color_prompt=    fifiif [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}[33[01;32m]u@h[33[00m]:[33[01;34m]w[33[00m]$ 'else    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}u@h:w$ 'fiunset color_prompt force_color_prompt# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dircase "$TERM" inxterm*|rxvt*)    PS1="[e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}u@h: wa]$PS1"    ;;*)    ;;esac# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliasesif [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"    alias ls='ls --color=auto'    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'    alias grep='grep --color=auto'    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'fi# colored GCC warnings and errors#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'# some more ls aliasesalias ll='ls -alF'alias la='ls -A'alias l='ls -CF'# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:#   sleep 10; alertalias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '''s/^s*[0-9]+s*//;s/[;&|]s*alert$//''')"'# Alias definitions.# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then    . ~/.bash_aliasesfi# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).if ! shopt -oq posix; then  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then    . /etc/bash_completion  fifi

chown命令：修改文件所有者权限

（22）将hello文件所有者改为root帐号，并查看属性

:~$ sudo chown root hello

:~$ ls -l总用量 32-rw-rw-r-- 1 root       joneyzheng    0 9月  20 02:51 hellodrwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 公共的drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 模板drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 视频drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 图片drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 文档drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 下载drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 音乐drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 桌面

Vim/gedit/文本编辑器：新建文件

（23）在主文件夹下创建文本文件my.txt，输入文本保存退出。

 

tar命令：压缩命令

（24）将my.txt打包成test.tar.gz

:~$ tar -czvf test.tar.gz my.txt

（25）解压缩到~/tmp目录

:~$ tar zxvf test.tar.gz -C /tmp

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